ʻO nā mea haumia i ka lewa kekahi mea e hopohopo ai ka poʻe he nui, a ma kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina i hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻike ma ka nūhou ahiahi. ʻIke ʻia, ʻaʻole kumu ʻole kēia makaʻu. Ke piʻi nei nā hōʻike mai nā haʻawina i hana ʻia a puni ka ʻāina e pili ana ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia ea i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā pilikia, nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hānau ʻana a me nā pilikia i ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka wā kamaliʻi.
Ua nānā ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ka nitrous oxide mai ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻa a me ka hopena o kēia ʻike ʻana i ke keiki e ulu ana. ʻIke ʻia ka hapa nui o nā wahine hāpai i kekahi pae o ka mahu mai nā kaʻa, akā ʻokoʻa ka pae ma ka ʻāina.
ʻO kahi noiʻi hou i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka haumia o ka ea, ka hopena o ke kaumaha hānau haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ke poʻo. Ua hōʻiliʻili ka haʻawina i ka ʻikepili ma luna o 400,000 wahine hāpai ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo New Jersey mai 1999 a hiki i 2003.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ea mai nā kahua kiaʻi EPA e kū kokoke ana i nā hale o nā wahine hāpai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻike no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution o ka ea i ka wā hāpai. Ma muli o kēia ʻike, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā pae o ka pollution maʻamau i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea komo.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pēpē haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nitrogen dioxide a me nā mea ʻala. Ua hōʻike ka haʻawina i ka nui o ka pilikia ma waena o nā wahine haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi congested me ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me ka pollution ea pili. Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi i ka pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka haumia ea a me ke kaumaha o ka hānau ʻana ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike ʻana i ka pollution i ka wā mua a me ka hope o ka hāpai ʻana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina ʻokoʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka IQ i nā keiki me ka ʻike ʻana i ka haumia ea i loko o ka ʻōpū. Ua mālama ʻia kēia haʻawina e ka Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health ma Columbia University a paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Pediatrics.
Ua pili ka haʻawina i nā wahine ma Harlem a me ka Bronx. Ua koho ʻia kēia mau wahi no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia he nui ka haumia mai nā kaʻa. E like me nā haʻawina mua, ʻike ʻia nā wahine e noho ana ma nā wahi me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia. Aia kēia mau wahi ma nā wahi o loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui a puni ka ʻāina, me New York City.
No kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua lawe nā wahine i nā mākaʻikaʻi ea uila i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, kahi i hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻikepili i ke kiʻekiʻe pololei o nā mea haumia ea ma ke kaiapuni o ka makuahine. Ua ʻae kēia ʻano i ka poʻe noiʻi i ka ʻikepili pololei e pili ana i nā pae o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka ea i loko o ka wā hāpai, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pae maoli.
Ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea noiʻi Columbia i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia ea i ka wā hāpai o kēlā me kēia haumāna. I ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki ʻelima o nā keiki, ua hāʻawi ʻia lākou i nā hoʻokolohua IQ. ʻO nā keiki me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia ea i ka awelika IQ he ʻehā a ʻelima mau helu haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā keiki i hōʻike ʻia i nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka haumia.
Ua aʻo ʻia kahi haʻawina o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi i paʻi ʻia ma Environmental Health Perspectives i ka hopena o ka haumia o ka ea i ka pēpē. Ua mālama ʻia kēia haʻawina ma luna o nā pēpē i hānau ʻia ma waena o 1997 a me 2006. Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo nā wahine i loaʻa i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution ea i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hānau mua ʻana. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau wahine i ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pre-eclampsia, kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka hāpai ʻana no ka makuahine a me ka pēpē.
Ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i nā pūnaewele hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili no ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka haumia ea, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana o New Jersey, akā ua kūkulu ʻia nā kikowaena hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili i loko o ʻelua mau mile mai ka hale o ka poʻe komo. Ua hana ʻia kēia no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻikepili pololei e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kuhi, ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻia.
ʻO nā haʻawina mua i ka loulou ma waena o ka haumia ea a me ke olakino o nā pēpē a me nā keiki ua ʻike i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hānō a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia ea. Ma muli o kēia mau noiʻi ʻana, manaʻo ka poʻe loea i ka ʻike ʻana i ka haumia ea i nā wā koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a i ka wā kamaliʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o ke keiki e ulu ana i ka hānō i ka wā kamaliʻi.
ʻOiai ua nui nā noiʻi ʻana, aia nā nīnau i pane ʻole ʻia a ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hopena o ka haumia ea i ka pēpē. Manaʻo kekahi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka haumia o ka ea e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka oxygen a me nā meaʻai e loaʻa i ka pēpē. Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pae oxygen hoʻemi i nā pilikia e like me ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa IQ a me ka hānau mua. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe e hoʻololi paha ka ʻike ʻana i ka pollution i ka hana kelepona i loko o ka fetus ma kekahi ʻano. Pono e aʻo hou aʻe e pane i kēia mau nīnau a hoʻomālamalama hou aku i ka hopena o ka haumia o ka ea ma ka pēpē.
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